(En) Language Common Sense

In English

theory
The difference between ‘theory’ and ‘theorem’.
A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking. —Wikipedia
In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proved, or can be proved.[a][2][3] —Wikipedia
Taste: Information theory and asymptotic equipartition theorem.

i.e. source
abbreviation for “id est”, a Latin phrase for “that is”, used especially in writing before a piece of information that makes the meaning of something clearer or shows its true meaning.
- The hotel is closed during low season, i.e. from October to March.
- The price must be more realistic, i.e. lower.
e.g. source
abbreviation for “exempli gratia”: a Latin phrase that means “for example”.
- You should eat more food that contains a lot of fibre, e.g. fruit, vegetables, and bread.

QED source
abbreviation for the Latin phrase “quod erat demonstrandum”: written or said after an argument to show that you have proved something that you wanted to prove.
ad hoc source, source
a Latin phrase meaning literally ‘for this’: made or happening only for a particular purpose or need, not planned before it happens:
- on an ad hoc basis We deal with problems on an ad hoc basis (= as they happen).
- an ad hoc committee/meeting

in vivo source
a Latin for “within the living”. It refers to work that’s performed in a whole, living organism.
in vitro source
a Latin for “within the glass”. When something is performed in vitro, it happens outside of a living organism.
in situ source
a Latin phrase that translates literally to “on site” or “in position.
D- and L-configurations
D: dextro, means right; L: leevo, means left
In chemistry, the Fischer projection, devised by Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry. source
- D-Glucose, L-Alanine.

entropy from ἑντροπία
In 1865, German physicist Rudolf Clausius, one of the leading founders of the field of thermodynamics, defined it as the quotient of an infinitesimal amount of heat to the instantaneous temperature. He initially described it as transformation-content, in German Verwandlungsinhalt, and later coined the term entropy from a Greek word for transformation. – Wikipedia
Often called Shannon entropy, it was originally devised by Claude Shannon in 1948 to study the size of information of a transmitted message. – Wikipedia
photon from φῶς
light.

Eigen source
Ansatz source
an educated guess or an additional assumption made to help solve a problem, and which may later be verified to be part of the solution by its results.
Example: see No.4 method to solve linear ODEs.
Statistik source
description of a state, a country.
\(\Z\) for integers, Zählen
to count.

\(Z\) for the partition function, Zustandssumme
the sum over states.
Bremsstrahlung source
In particle physics, bremsstrahlung (from German bremsen ‘to brake’ and Strahlung ‘radiation’) is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus.
If quantum effects are negligible, an accelerating charged particle radiates power as described by the Larmor formula and its relativistic generalization.
s-like, senkrecht
s and p polarization. The component of the electric filed parallel to the plane of incidence is termed s-like, from senkrecht, German for perpendicular.

propre
The time \(τ\) your watch registers (or, more generally, the time associated with the moving object) is called proper time. (The word suggests a mistranslation of the French “propre,” meaning “own.”) In some cases, \(τ\) may be a more relevant or useful quantity than \(t\). For one thing, proper time is invariant, whereas “ordinary” time depends on the particular reference frame you have in mind. – Griffiths’ Electrodynamics, 12.2.1 Proper Time and Proper Velocity